1950s - 1980s
A Place in the Orange Groves
Population Shockwave
In the late '40s and early '50s, California experienced its third population shockwave The first had occurred a hundred years earlier during the Gold Rush; the second took place in the latter part of the 19th century when the a rate war between the 2 railroad giants, Southern Pacific and Santa Fe, led to cheap and easy transportation to the West. With fares as low as $1 from Kansas City to Los Angeles, Easterners flocked to California to speculate on rich farmland and real estate.
Sparking the third wave of growth, the economic and industrial boom that followed World War II hit Southern California with the force of an earthquake. From downtown Los Angeles, sprawling growth mushroomed in all directions, giving birth to a patchwork skyline of 2-and 3-story buildings as far as the eye could see. New businesses and rows of tract homes sprung up by the thousands in once remote suburban areas as the country rode a tidal wave of optimism. Highways and roads were paved overnight, transporting Angelenos off to emerging towns and cities that had been someone's farm just the year before.
The nation's new affluence brought leisure time -- time to build family relationships, to enjoy the bounty of the good life, and to explore the once distant world. In Los Angeles, people took to the roads. Among these was a man named Walt Disney.
Walt Disney's dreams were like few others. For years he had toyed with the idea of creating a park for families, a unique playground where they could find happiness and escape the pressures of the day. Local parks, he had discovered on visits with his daughters Sharon and Diane, woefully lacked imagination. Walt finally put his vision down on paper, planning to build his dream on an 11-acre lot across the street from his studios in Burbank.
This park -- called Mickey Mouse Park -- would feature activities for families to enjoy together -- a lake stocked with fish so parents and children could sit on the shore and enjoy fishing together, an island in the center of the lake for children to explore, boats to row to and around the island. A carousel, a bandstand and a replica of a traditional "Main Street" would bring the turn-of-the-century small town American experience to modern families. A special feature would be a miniature train, one of Walt's favorite hobbies.
With a schematic of the park drawn by his studio artists and a $10,000 construction budget, Walt presented his plan for approval by the city of Burbank. To his stunned dismay, city officials, concerned that the project would become a permanent carnival, denied his request.
Walt began revising his plans to make the project acceptable. But as he worked, new ideas filled his mind. One area of the park would be dedicated to the American frontier. In another, children would dream of frontiers in space in the world of tomorrow. The more he thought, the more he realized the 11-acre Burbank site would hardly be adequate to contain his new vision.
Taking a break from work 1 day, Walt jumped in his car and headed south in the freshly-paved asphalt of the 2-lane Santa Ana Freeway. As he drove out from downtown Los Angeles, the brownish haze of the sky dissipated into a deep blue, white clouds poked out from beneath the blanket of smog and homes and businesses grew farther and farther apart. When he finally entered Orange County, it was like being transported back to the Midwest. Miles of open farmland scented with the fragrant perfume of orange blossoms stretched out before him, interrupted only occasionally by a modest farmhouse. Victorian style homes were common and their distinctive gingerbread architecture seemed to be an odd transplant from another era, but 1 in which Walt Disney felt comfortable.
Anaheim was a lot like Walt's boyhood home in Marceline, Missouri. As he drove through the small town, it was like coming home. Here, in the middle of orange groves, he had found the place for his magical park.
In 1952, Walt created WED Enterprises for the purpose of building his dream. The initials were his own, but the investment was open to everyone. He put all his personal assets into the company and bent the ear of anyone who might want to join him as a partner. As the vision of Disneyland expanded, so did the cost of opening its gates, rising from an initial $10,000 to $4 million.
The then-fledgling ABC Network was looking for alliances that would give it instant credibility and stature -- a partnership with Walt Disney would do just that. A deal was struck: ABC would invest $500,000 in the park and be a partner with WED. ABC would also guarantee $4.5 million in loans to cover construction. In return, Disney would produce a weekly hour-long series.
This "Disneyland" television show would be integral to the park's success. Walt would use it as a vehicle to promote the park and the show would feature movies from the Disney Studio's portfolio, as well as original episodes.
Walt was certain Southern California was the best place to build his park, but Anaheim was not the only possible site he considered. To be sure, WED hired the Stanford Research Institute to conduct a search for the perfect site. The cities of Long Beach, Palos Verdes and Canoga Park were all considered but each had at least 1 strong disadvantage against it.
Anaheim seemed to fit all the criteria. Disney Studios already had established friendly relationships with the city, having designed floats for its annual Halloween Parade. And the company had a good reputation in the Anaheim community.
In addition, the Interstate 5 freeway was just being completed and it cut through the heart of Anaheim. The highway would connect the small agricultural town with downtown Los Angeles, tapping into its tourist base. Visitors staying in L.A. could be inside Disneyland's main gate within 45 minutes. The freeway also guaranteed to bring more residents to Orange County. The geography and weather which made the county prime land for growing oranges was also ideal for attracting tourists.
Anaheim city officials were hesitant at first. Disney went to work selling the idea that his park would be different than the tawdry, carnival-like amusement parks they were familiar with. He had no intention of building a carnival. There would be no barkers or sideshows. Cleanliness and a family atmosphere were his top priorities.
Anaheim Mayor Charles Pearson summed up the City's major point of concern when he said he didn't want to see Disneyland as the kind of place where peanut shells littered the ground. Walt agreed, vowing that his park would never sell unshelled peanuts or chewing gum. He would even drop his plans for creating a permanent circus on the grounds. Though his circus would have had a better presentation than touring circuses, he wanted to make sure the City was comfortable with Disneyland's appearance.
Construction of Disneyland in Anaheim, California, was announced April 2, 1954. Opening day would be July 17, 1955. This date was absolutely critical to the park's success. August was Americans' traditional vacation month, so the July date would allow Disneyland to cash in on the peak summer tourist trade. If delays pushed the opening into the fall, the park would sit virtually idle through the off-season. The press would have little mercy and Disneyland would be branded a failure.
While construction raced on, the park received good advance publicity through the success of the Disney television show. That fall, to a nationwide audience, Walt explained his plan to build "the happiest place on earth." He gave weekly updates on construction, using time-lapse photography to produce comical shorts on how fast the park was being built.
The grand opening of the Magic Kingdom was less than auspicious. Some 33,000 people showed up, many uninvited and so anxious to see Disneyland they forged their tickets. A gas leak closed Fantasyland. Rides broke down. The heat of the day caused guests to search water fountains that had yet to be installed. The heels of women's shoes left the newly-paved asphalt filled with indentations. And it all took place before the largest television audience ever, as millions witnessed ABC's live broadcast. In later years, Walt would refer to the first day of operation as "Black Sunday."
The press reviews were not kind, complaining of the park's obvious unreadiness. In the next few weeks before Labor Day, the park would prove a success or failure.
The answer was fast in coming. Only 7 weeks after opening, Disneyland's 1 millionth guest passed through the turnstiles, into the tunnel and onto Main Street.
Disneyland was here to stay. And Anaheim would be changed forever.
By the end of the '50s, Anaheim had become a modern day boom town. The park brought jobs with it. Many who helped build Disneyland purchased homes in the city. More importantly, Disneyland spurred other industries into building or relocating to Anaheim. The fact that the city operated its own utilities was important to many major companies because the city could directly negotiate lower rates with companies as an enticement to relocate. Anaheim residents also paid considerably lower utility bills than their neighbors in surrounding towns.
An entrepreneurial wave swept over Anaheim . For the balance of the decade, tourism and construction alternated as the city's leading industry.
As Anaheim's reputation as a good place to live, work or run a business mushroomed, city government rushed to meet the demand, creating an environment in which these tremendous changes could flourish. The city annexed 1,493 acres in 1953 to accommodate new development. The following year, an additional 2,700 acres were annexed. In 1955, the year Disneyland opened, 3,300 more acres were included within the city limits. By the end of that year, Anaheim was four times the size it was in 1953.
Stories hit the international news wires about the little California town that was making things happen in a very big way. In fact, Anaheim grew faster than any city in the nation during the decade and every three years, its size and population doubled.
The unprecedented growth of the 1950s set the stage for Anaheim to grow and mature into a major city in the coming years.
"Disneyland. To all who come to this happy place, welcome! Disneyland is your land. Here, age relives fond memories of the past . . . and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts that created America . . . with the hope that it will be a source of inspiration to all the world."
-Walt Disney, July 17, 1955.
Population Shockwave
In the late '40s and early '50s, California experienced its third population shockwave The first had occurred a hundred years earlier during the Gold Rush; the second took place in the latter part of the 19th century when the a rate war between the 2 railroad giants, Southern Pacific and Santa Fe, led to cheap and easy transportation to the West. With fares as low as $1 from Kansas City to Los Angeles, Easterners flocked to California to speculate on rich farmland and real estate.
Sparking the third wave of growth, the economic and industrial boom that followed World War II hit Southern California with the force of an earthquake. From downtown Los Angeles, sprawling growth mushroomed in all directions, giving birth to a patchwork skyline of 2-and 3-story buildings as far as the eye could see. New businesses and rows of tract homes sprung up by the thousands in once remote suburban areas as the country rode a tidal wave of optimism. Highways and roads were paved overnight, transporting Angelenos off to emerging towns and cities that had been someone's farm just the year before.
The nation's new affluence brought leisure time -- time to build family relationships, to enjoy the bounty of the good life, and to explore the once distant world. In Los Angeles, people took to the roads. Among these was a man named Walt Disney.
Walt Disney's dreams were like few others. For years he had toyed with the idea of creating a park for families, a unique playground where they could find happiness and escape the pressures of the day. Local parks, he had discovered on visits with his daughters Sharon and Diane, woefully lacked imagination. Walt finally put his vision down on paper, planning to build his dream on an 11-acre lot across the street from his studios in Burbank.
This park -- called Mickey Mouse Park -- would feature activities for families to enjoy together -- a lake stocked with fish so parents and children could sit on the shore and enjoy fishing together, an island in the center of the lake for children to explore, boats to row to and around the island. A carousel, a bandstand and a replica of a traditional "Main Street" would bring the turn-of-the-century small town American experience to modern families. A special feature would be a miniature train, one of Walt's favorite hobbies.
With a schematic of the park drawn by his studio artists and a $10,000 construction budget, Walt presented his plan for approval by the city of Burbank. To his stunned dismay, city officials, concerned that the project would become a permanent carnival, denied his request.
Walt began revising his plans to make the project acceptable. But as he worked, new ideas filled his mind. One area of the park would be dedicated to the American frontier. In another, children would dream of frontiers in space in the world of tomorrow. The more he thought, the more he realized the 11-acre Burbank site would hardly be adequate to contain his new vision.
Taking a break from work 1 day, Walt jumped in his car and headed south in the freshly-paved asphalt of the 2-lane Santa Ana Freeway. As he drove out from downtown Los Angeles, the brownish haze of the sky dissipated into a deep blue, white clouds poked out from beneath the blanket of smog and homes and businesses grew farther and farther apart. When he finally entered Orange County, it was like being transported back to the Midwest. Miles of open farmland scented with the fragrant perfume of orange blossoms stretched out before him, interrupted only occasionally by a modest farmhouse. Victorian style homes were common and their distinctive gingerbread architecture seemed to be an odd transplant from another era, but 1 in which Walt Disney felt comfortable.
Anaheim was a lot like Walt's boyhood home in Marceline, Missouri. As he drove through the small town, it was like coming home. Here, in the middle of orange groves, he had found the place for his magical park.
In 1952, Walt created WED Enterprises for the purpose of building his dream. The initials were his own, but the investment was open to everyone. He put all his personal assets into the company and bent the ear of anyone who might want to join him as a partner. As the vision of Disneyland expanded, so did the cost of opening its gates, rising from an initial $10,000 to $4 million.
The then-fledgling ABC Network was looking for alliances that would give it instant credibility and stature -- a partnership with Walt Disney would do just that. A deal was struck: ABC would invest $500,000 in the park and be a partner with WED. ABC would also guarantee $4.5 million in loans to cover construction. In return, Disney would produce a weekly hour-long series.
This "Disneyland" television show would be integral to the park's success. Walt would use it as a vehicle to promote the park and the show would feature movies from the Disney Studio's portfolio, as well as original episodes.
Walt was certain Southern California was the best place to build his park, but Anaheim was not the only possible site he considered. To be sure, WED hired the Stanford Research Institute to conduct a search for the perfect site. The cities of Long Beach, Palos Verdes and Canoga Park were all considered but each had at least 1 strong disadvantage against it.
Anaheim seemed to fit all the criteria. Disney Studios already had established friendly relationships with the city, having designed floats for its annual Halloween Parade. And the company had a good reputation in the Anaheim community.
In addition, the Interstate 5 freeway was just being completed and it cut through the heart of Anaheim. The highway would connect the small agricultural town with downtown Los Angeles, tapping into its tourist base. Visitors staying in L.A. could be inside Disneyland's main gate within 45 minutes. The freeway also guaranteed to bring more residents to Orange County. The geography and weather which made the county prime land for growing oranges was also ideal for attracting tourists.
Anaheim city officials were hesitant at first. Disney went to work selling the idea that his park would be different than the tawdry, carnival-like amusement parks they were familiar with. He had no intention of building a carnival. There would be no barkers or sideshows. Cleanliness and a family atmosphere were his top priorities.
Anaheim Mayor Charles Pearson summed up the City's major point of concern when he said he didn't want to see Disneyland as the kind of place where peanut shells littered the ground. Walt agreed, vowing that his park would never sell unshelled peanuts or chewing gum. He would even drop his plans for creating a permanent circus on the grounds. Though his circus would have had a better presentation than touring circuses, he wanted to make sure the City was comfortable with Disneyland's appearance.
Construction of Disneyland in Anaheim, California, was announced April 2, 1954. Opening day would be July 17, 1955. This date was absolutely critical to the park's success. August was Americans' traditional vacation month, so the July date would allow Disneyland to cash in on the peak summer tourist trade. If delays pushed the opening into the fall, the park would sit virtually idle through the off-season. The press would have little mercy and Disneyland would be branded a failure.
While construction raced on, the park received good advance publicity through the success of the Disney television show. That fall, to a nationwide audience, Walt explained his plan to build "the happiest place on earth." He gave weekly updates on construction, using time-lapse photography to produce comical shorts on how fast the park was being built.
The grand opening of the Magic Kingdom was less than auspicious. Some 33,000 people showed up, many uninvited and so anxious to see Disneyland they forged their tickets. A gas leak closed Fantasyland. Rides broke down. The heat of the day caused guests to search water fountains that had yet to be installed. The heels of women's shoes left the newly-paved asphalt filled with indentations. And it all took place before the largest television audience ever, as millions witnessed ABC's live broadcast. In later years, Walt would refer to the first day of operation as "Black Sunday."
The press reviews were not kind, complaining of the park's obvious unreadiness. In the next few weeks before Labor Day, the park would prove a success or failure.
The answer was fast in coming. Only 7 weeks after opening, Disneyland's 1 millionth guest passed through the turnstiles, into the tunnel and onto Main Street.
Disneyland was here to stay. And Anaheim would be changed forever.
By the end of the '50s, Anaheim had become a modern day boom town. The park brought jobs with it. Many who helped build Disneyland purchased homes in the city. More importantly, Disneyland spurred other industries into building or relocating to Anaheim. The fact that the city operated its own utilities was important to many major companies because the city could directly negotiate lower rates with companies as an enticement to relocate. Anaheim residents also paid considerably lower utility bills than their neighbors in surrounding towns.
An entrepreneurial wave swept over Anaheim . For the balance of the decade, tourism and construction alternated as the city's leading industry.
As Anaheim's reputation as a good place to live, work or run a business mushroomed, city government rushed to meet the demand, creating an environment in which these tremendous changes could flourish. The city annexed 1,493 acres in 1953 to accommodate new development. The following year, an additional 2,700 acres were annexed. In 1955, the year Disneyland opened, 3,300 more acres were included within the city limits. By the end of that year, Anaheim was four times the size it was in 1953.
Stories hit the international news wires about the little California town that was making things happen in a very big way. In fact, Anaheim grew faster than any city in the nation during the decade and every three years, its size and population doubled.
The unprecedented growth of the 1950s set the stage for Anaheim to grow and mature into a major city in the coming years.
A Little City Enters the Big Leagues
By 1960, Anaheim hardly resembled the quiet rural community it had been just ten years earlier. And in the coming decade, tourism and sports world impact the city even further, capitalizing on its booming growth.
Physically, Anaheim was beginning to look like a big city. And the influx of people and business meant more demand on city services. Everything from utilities, fire and police to street sweeping was in a state of constantly increasing demand. The Greek- columned City Hall, built in 1923 to serve 5,000 residents, showed signs of the town's growing pains. By 1960 the city facility was serving more than 100,000 residents. Civic leaders tried to gain support for construction of a modern, centralized building, but each measure failed when put to the ballot.
In 1960, Anaheim residents turned down a new City Hall by a narrow margin, but support for a new library and police station was strong. In April, Propositions "L" and "P" were approved by voters, clearing the way for the first city buildings of the modern era.
The city's small, quaint library building, at the corner of Broadway and Anaheim Boulevard, was one of many libraries built at the turn of the century by wealthy industrialist Andrew Carnegie. Perfectly suited to a population of 3,000, Carnegie's $12,000 investment was woefully inadequate for the Anaheim of the '60s.
The new library was built down the street at the corner of Harbor and Broadway. Fifty thousand square feet were used to house 300,000 volumes when it opened. The Carnegie building was used in several capacities over the next two decades, primarily by the city for much needed office space. In 1987, it was converted to its present use as the home for the Anaheim Museum.
A new police station was also sorely needed. Just a few years earlier, the police department was small enough to operate out of a side entrance to City Hall and officers were required to provide their own vehicles. A side door to City Hall was the only entrance and the facility contained just two jail cells. There were no separate rooms for men and women, adults and minors. The staff operated out of cubicles no bigger than phone booths, and in the words of longtime Police Chief Mark Stephensen, it was "the worst jail north of Tijuana." Proposition "P" provided an ample home for law enforcement for the next 25 years.
While Disneyland's Main Street transported guests to a world of fantasy, Anaheim's downtown streets were beginning a spiral of worsening disrepair. Debates arose over the fate of downtown and its impact on an ever growing tourism base. Rampant development had also create a hodgepodge of hotels, motels, restaurants and other tourist-related businesses in and around Disneyland that fostered friction among various factions within the city.
Part of the problem was that Disneyland, though successful, was still only a seasonal attraction. A small motel was the extent most were willing to invest in Anaheim. Visitors would come only during the summer and on holidays. Major hotels required year-round business to operate successfully.
While Disney's original dream included building places for families to stay, everything he had was invested in the park's construction. As a result, other entrepreneurs rushed in and various small hotels sprang up around the park on land Disney was unable to buy. The city, eager to attract motels, exercised little control over their outward appearances and the streets surrounding the park became a visual kaleidoscope of brightly colored exteriors, blinking lights and flashing neon signs. It looked like the carnival atmosphere Disney had worked so hard to avoid and he could not understand how the city's leaders could be so lax.
In 1960, a group of 61 Anaheim business leaders organized to determine what they could do to make the city a year-round tourist destination. Calling themselves the Anaheim Visitor and Convention Bureau, their goal was to capitalize on Disneyland's success and their solution was to build a Convention Center.
By 1960, Anaheim hardly resembled the quiet rural community it had been just ten years earlier. And in the coming decade, tourism and sports world impact the city even further, capitalizing on its booming growth.
Physically, Anaheim was beginning to look like a big city. And the influx of people and business meant more demand on city services. Everything from utilities, fire and police to street sweeping was in a state of constantly increasing demand. The Greek- columned City Hall, built in 1923 to serve 5,000 residents, showed signs of the town's growing pains. By 1960 the city facility was serving more than 100,000 residents. Civic leaders tried to gain support for construction of a modern, centralized building, but each measure failed when put to the ballot.
In 1960, Anaheim residents turned down a new City Hall by a narrow margin, but support for a new library and police station was strong. In April, Propositions "L" and "P" were approved by voters, clearing the way for the first city buildings of the modern era.
The city's small, quaint library building, at the corner of Broadway and Anaheim Boulevard, was one of many libraries built at the turn of the century by wealthy industrialist Andrew Carnegie. Perfectly suited to a population of 3,000, Carnegie's $12,000 investment was woefully inadequate for the Anaheim of the '60s.
The new library was built down the street at the corner of Harbor and Broadway. Fifty thousand square feet were used to house 300,000 volumes when it opened. The Carnegie building was used in several capacities over the next two decades, primarily by the city for much needed office space. In 1987, it was converted to its present use as the home for the Anaheim Museum.
A new police station was also sorely needed. Just a few years earlier, the police department was small enough to operate out of a side entrance to City Hall and officers were required to provide their own vehicles. A side door to City Hall was the only entrance and the facility contained just two jail cells. There were no separate rooms for men and women, adults and minors. The staff operated out of cubicles no bigger than phone booths, and in the words of longtime Police Chief Mark Stephensen, it was "the worst jail north of Tijuana." Proposition "P" provided an ample home for law enforcement for the next 25 years.
While Disneyland's Main Street transported guests to a world of fantasy, Anaheim's downtown streets were beginning a spiral of worsening disrepair. Debates arose over the fate of downtown and its impact on an ever growing tourism base. Rampant development had also create a hodgepodge of hotels, motels, restaurants and other tourist-related businesses in and around Disneyland that fostered friction among various factions within the city.
Part of the problem was that Disneyland, though successful, was still only a seasonal attraction. A small motel was the extent most were willing to invest in Anaheim. Visitors would come only during the summer and on holidays. Major hotels required year-round business to operate successfully.
While Disney's original dream included building places for families to stay, everything he had was invested in the park's construction. As a result, other entrepreneurs rushed in and various small hotels sprang up around the park on land Disney was unable to buy. The city, eager to attract motels, exercised little control over their outward appearances and the streets surrounding the park became a visual kaleidoscope of brightly colored exteriors, blinking lights and flashing neon signs. It looked like the carnival atmosphere Disney had worked so hard to avoid and he could not understand how the city's leaders could be so lax.
In 1960, a group of 61 Anaheim business leaders organized to determine what they could do to make the city a year-round tourist destination. Calling themselves the Anaheim Visitor and Convention Bureau, their goal was to capitalize on Disneyland's success and their solution was to build a Convention Center.
The boom period of the 1960s brought industries West to find economic prosperity on the shores of the Pacific. Workers came by the thousands, lured by the promise of jobs, abundant affordable housing and inviting weather. While other states' populations remained static during the '60s, California continue to thrive.
Anaheim's rapid growth had changed the very shape of the city.
The city continued to expand, but rampant development over the previous two decades now meant that east was the only direction left to go. An attempt to annex Yorba Linda was abandoned and attention turned to developing an "industrial corridor" stretching along the Santa Ana River and the newly built Riverside Freeway.
The corridor extended along the base of Anaheim Hills, a new master-planned community beginning to take shape to the east. Interest in the development of this primarily rural area mounted as the business parks of the industrial corridor below filled with tenants. City planners saw development of the Hills as a natural extension of the expanding business community, providing a burgeoning workforce with nearby housing.
As the shape of the city took a uniquely elongated form, other changes were also becoming apparent -- the city's founding agricultural base was giving way to more profitable ventures. Land in Anaheim had increased in value tenfold since Disneyland first opened its gates and by 1975, many landowners found their parcels could be sold for far more than they could hope to profit through farming. Skyrocketing land values prompted area farmers to eagerly sell their land for top dollar to developers, allowing both to cash in on the bonanza. The orange groves which gave the county its name decades earlier were fast becoming scarce.
The striking contrasts between the old and new ways of life in Anaheim became more obvious, most evident and hard-felt in the downtown business district. Like the Main Street commercial areas in most Orange County cities, Anaheim's center of business and community life was being replaced by the shopping mall. The opening of Anaheim Plaza in 1955 signaled the beginning of a shift away from Center Street.
By the 1970s Center Street was showing signs of real distress. The gradual flight of customers from the district forced many businesses into crisis. After years of an eroding customer base, some simply had neither the means to move or to continue. Vacancy signs went up in downtown storefronts. Two adult businesses moved in and the physical condition of many structures deteriorated. Vandalism of vacant buildings increased. People and new businesses found few reasons to venture into downtown, once the vital hub of community activity.
To combat the deterioration, City officials devised a six-stage plan to restore the once- thriving area.
The first step, Project Alpha concentrated on two strategic areas. One was 200 acres of downtown land bordered by North, South, East and West streets. These avenues marked the original gateways into the 1857 settlers' colony and served as the original city borders. The second Project Alpha target included 2,200 acres in the industrial corridor. It was land the city had been eager to develop for some time, but could not do so without financial backing.
In an effort to find more revenues to aid in the community's revitalization, attention turned to improving Anaheim Stadium's profitability. The Angels' home games guaranteed 81 dates a year. The stadium's vacancy during off-season and Angel road trips presented officials with innovative and interesting ideas.
Already, appearances by Bob Hope's U.S.O. Road Tour and a Billy Graham Crusade had proved successful, indicating that Orange County could support large scale entertainment and other venues across the country were attempting to tap into the growing popularity of rock music. Anaheim Stadium's first attempt in this area -- a 1970 concert by the British rock group The Who -- was so raucous, however, that the City Council banned further rock concerts in the stadium. Five years later, with more effective security measures in place at the stadium, the Council rescinded its ban. That spring, The Beach Boys, Chicago and a crowd of almost 50,000 celebrated the return of rock and roll to Anaheim.
Diversifying its activities further, the stadium began hosting motor sports events. These attractions became so popular, there is now an annual series of motor sports events every January at the stadium which continues to draw sellout crowds.
However, even before the stadium was built, plans were underway to secure a professional football team. The city hosted pre-season exhibition games to showcase the venue. An effort to lure the Buffalo Bills appeared to be on the verge of success, then suddenly fell through. Finally, in 1974 the World Football League debuted with a team in Anaheim, and the Southern California Sun drew 30,000 enthusiastic fans to their first game.
The combination of all these events produced something city officials had dreamed of for years. On January 28, 1976, they announced that, for the first time, the stadium had turned a profit. Two years later, a Sports Illustrated survey reported that Anaheim Stadium was the only sports facility in the country to show a profit in the previous year. Critics of the stadium were silenced at last.
But soon thereafter, the World Football League disbanded. The Angels' increasing rise in attendance proved Orange County was willing to support professional sports, but it remained a mystery why other teams couldn't make a go of it at the stadium.
It became clear that for an athletic team to survive, it would need a healthy financial base, a strong organization and membership in a league with proven stability. As it turned out, Anaheim did not have to look far to find the right team -- in fact they only had to look as far as Los Angeles.
The Los Angeles Rams were just what Anaheim needed. They complemented the city's image as a family-oriented destination, were financially healthy, had a dedicated following in Southern California and were backed by the status of the National Football League.
Owner Carroll Rosenbloom, one of the most revered men in the league and a man passionate about football, was growing unhappy in Los Angeles. The Rams' home field, the L.A. Coliseum, had been built for the 1932 Olympics and featured few of the amenities of newer, more modern stadiums. Game attendance had peaked in 1973 with just over a half million for the season. Throughout the balance of the 1970s, however, attendance had declined.
At the same time, Anaheim Stadium was receiving accolades in the sports entertainment industry. The city government was registering awards as well for the innovative management techniques that were propelling local growth. Rosenbloom found it difficult to ignore Stadium/Convention Center Manager Tom Leigler's unabashed enthusiasm for "The Anaheim Way." And on July 25, 1978, Anaheim's "can- do" spirit again prevailed and a press conference was called to announce: The Los Angeles Rams were moving to Anaheim.
In typical Anaheim style, work began at a breakneck pace. Plans were formulated for a $33 million expansion to enlarge Anaheim Stadium to 70,500 seats for the 1980 football season. To enclose the stadium, the trademark 23-story, 240-ton Big A had to be moved from its position behind the center field wall to a spot adjacent to the 57 Freeway. On July 17, 1979, the Big A was hoisted onto giant rollers and moved 1300 feet over the course of three days.
Tragically, Carroll Rosenbloom died in a swimming accident in early 1980. Anaheim had a new football team, but without the man who was instrumental in making the move from Los Angeles.
The rest of the community was changing as well.
In 1970, the first home of the Anaheim Arts Association was established through an agreement between the local arts community, the city and the Anaheim School District. New building codes for schools had forced the district to close Horace Mann Elementary school on Harbor Boulevard. The school district leased the land to the city, which in turn leased it to the Arts Association for one dollar a year.
Renovating the school drew residents and volunteers together and resulted in a tight- knit arts community. More importantly, the opening of the new Anaheim Cultural Arts Center sparked a creative renaissance in the city.
The Center provided a central showcase for arts in Anaheim, prompting an interest in the creative arts that the center could not even contain. Soon, large shows had to be held outdoors in scenic Pearson Park.
In the latter part of the decade, the Peppertree Faire was created as a commercial showcase for Anaheim's passion for arts and crafts. The "Tree" was located in the old Harmony Park Ballroom, east of downtown along the railroad tracks, in a building with a rich creative tradition dating back a century.
In 1976, Mito, Japan became Anaheim's Sister City, a program which provided cities of different nations a forum to share ideas and exchange information. Both Mito and Anaheim were comparable in size and population and both were tourist-oriented towns with major theme parks within city limits.
As the decade drew to a close, the opportunities of the next came alive. Construction of a new Civic Center was slated to kick off the building phase of Project Alpha in the downtown. Leo Freedman talked of his idea to build a new performing arts theater next door. Demand for additional space at the Convention Center initiated plans for yet another expansion. The city had lured the Rams to the greener pastures of the stadium. The Angels had reached a milestone, playing in the American League Championship for the first time in 1979. The stadium's seating capacity would soon reach more than 70,000.
The lessons of the 1950s and '60s had been learned and the knowledge gained from this history had driven the mammoth projects of the 1970s and prepare the city for new challenges in the '80s.
Disneyland Celebrates 30 Years
By the mid-1970s, concerns about the City Hall building grew urgent. Two separate engineering firms were commissioned to determine the 50-year old building's safety. The structure's electrical wiring, sufficient in the 1920s when the only office appliances were light bulb and electric fans, could not handle the modern office environment which included air conditioners, computers and complicated office machines. When portions of walls were removed for inspectors, they found frayed wires in many places. The studies noted that it was amazing the building had not burned to the ground.
To complicate matters, the building was also declared seismologically unsafe. A strong temblor could turn the structure to rubble. When the studies were made public, a number of city employees who worked in the building requested transfers to other city departments to avoid the imminent danger.
The studies also helped energize community support and in March, 1978, ground was finally broken on a new seven-story civic center, financed on a-pay-as-you-go basis with redevelopment funds. The new City Hall opened in 1980, signaling the beginning of the rebirth of downtown.
Anaheim's rapid growth had changed the very shape of the city.
The city continued to expand, but rampant development over the previous two decades now meant that east was the only direction left to go. An attempt to annex Yorba Linda was abandoned and attention turned to developing an "industrial corridor" stretching along the Santa Ana River and the newly built Riverside Freeway.
The corridor extended along the base of Anaheim Hills, a new master-planned community beginning to take shape to the east. Interest in the development of this primarily rural area mounted as the business parks of the industrial corridor below filled with tenants. City planners saw development of the Hills as a natural extension of the expanding business community, providing a burgeoning workforce with nearby housing.
As the shape of the city took a uniquely elongated form, other changes were also becoming apparent -- the city's founding agricultural base was giving way to more profitable ventures. Land in Anaheim had increased in value tenfold since Disneyland first opened its gates and by 1975, many landowners found their parcels could be sold for far more than they could hope to profit through farming. Skyrocketing land values prompted area farmers to eagerly sell their land for top dollar to developers, allowing both to cash in on the bonanza. The orange groves which gave the county its name decades earlier were fast becoming scarce.
The striking contrasts between the old and new ways of life in Anaheim became more obvious, most evident and hard-felt in the downtown business district. Like the Main Street commercial areas in most Orange County cities, Anaheim's center of business and community life was being replaced by the shopping mall. The opening of Anaheim Plaza in 1955 signaled the beginning of a shift away from Center Street.
By the 1970s Center Street was showing signs of real distress. The gradual flight of customers from the district forced many businesses into crisis. After years of an eroding customer base, some simply had neither the means to move or to continue. Vacancy signs went up in downtown storefronts. Two adult businesses moved in and the physical condition of many structures deteriorated. Vandalism of vacant buildings increased. People and new businesses found few reasons to venture into downtown, once the vital hub of community activity.
To combat the deterioration, City officials devised a six-stage plan to restore the once- thriving area.
The first step, Project Alpha concentrated on two strategic areas. One was 200 acres of downtown land bordered by North, South, East and West streets. These avenues marked the original gateways into the 1857 settlers' colony and served as the original city borders. The second Project Alpha target included 2,200 acres in the industrial corridor. It was land the city had been eager to develop for some time, but could not do so without financial backing.
In an effort to find more revenues to aid in the community's revitalization, attention turned to improving Anaheim Stadium's profitability. The Angels' home games guaranteed 81 dates a year. The stadium's vacancy during off-season and Angel road trips presented officials with innovative and interesting ideas.
Already, appearances by Bob Hope's U.S.O. Road Tour and a Billy Graham Crusade had proved successful, indicating that Orange County could support large scale entertainment and other venues across the country were attempting to tap into the growing popularity of rock music. Anaheim Stadium's first attempt in this area -- a 1970 concert by the British rock group The Who -- was so raucous, however, that the City Council banned further rock concerts in the stadium. Five years later, with more effective security measures in place at the stadium, the Council rescinded its ban. That spring, The Beach Boys, Chicago and a crowd of almost 50,000 celebrated the return of rock and roll to Anaheim.
Diversifying its activities further, the stadium began hosting motor sports events. These attractions became so popular, there is now an annual series of motor sports events every January at the stadium which continues to draw sellout crowds.
However, even before the stadium was built, plans were underway to secure a professional football team. The city hosted pre-season exhibition games to showcase the venue. An effort to lure the Buffalo Bills appeared to be on the verge of success, then suddenly fell through. Finally, in 1974 the World Football League debuted with a team in Anaheim, and the Southern California Sun drew 30,000 enthusiastic fans to their first game.
The combination of all these events produced something city officials had dreamed of for years. On January 28, 1976, they announced that, for the first time, the stadium had turned a profit. Two years later, a Sports Illustrated survey reported that Anaheim Stadium was the only sports facility in the country to show a profit in the previous year. Critics of the stadium were silenced at last.
But soon thereafter, the World Football League disbanded. The Angels' increasing rise in attendance proved Orange County was willing to support professional sports, but it remained a mystery why other teams couldn't make a go of it at the stadium.
It became clear that for an athletic team to survive, it would need a healthy financial base, a strong organization and membership in a league with proven stability. As it turned out, Anaheim did not have to look far to find the right team -- in fact they only had to look as far as Los Angeles.
The Los Angeles Rams were just what Anaheim needed. They complemented the city's image as a family-oriented destination, were financially healthy, had a dedicated following in Southern California and were backed by the status of the National Football League.
Owner Carroll Rosenbloom, one of the most revered men in the league and a man passionate about football, was growing unhappy in Los Angeles. The Rams' home field, the L.A. Coliseum, had been built for the 1932 Olympics and featured few of the amenities of newer, more modern stadiums. Game attendance had peaked in 1973 with just over a half million for the season. Throughout the balance of the 1970s, however, attendance had declined.
At the same time, Anaheim Stadium was receiving accolades in the sports entertainment industry. The city government was registering awards as well for the innovative management techniques that were propelling local growth. Rosenbloom found it difficult to ignore Stadium/Convention Center Manager Tom Leigler's unabashed enthusiasm for "The Anaheim Way." And on July 25, 1978, Anaheim's "can- do" spirit again prevailed and a press conference was called to announce: The Los Angeles Rams were moving to Anaheim.
In typical Anaheim style, work began at a breakneck pace. Plans were formulated for a $33 million expansion to enlarge Anaheim Stadium to 70,500 seats for the 1980 football season. To enclose the stadium, the trademark 23-story, 240-ton Big A had to be moved from its position behind the center field wall to a spot adjacent to the 57 Freeway. On July 17, 1979, the Big A was hoisted onto giant rollers and moved 1300 feet over the course of three days.
Tragically, Carroll Rosenbloom died in a swimming accident in early 1980. Anaheim had a new football team, but without the man who was instrumental in making the move from Los Angeles.
The rest of the community was changing as well.
In 1970, the first home of the Anaheim Arts Association was established through an agreement between the local arts community, the city and the Anaheim School District. New building codes for schools had forced the district to close Horace Mann Elementary school on Harbor Boulevard. The school district leased the land to the city, which in turn leased it to the Arts Association for one dollar a year.
Renovating the school drew residents and volunteers together and resulted in a tight- knit arts community. More importantly, the opening of the new Anaheim Cultural Arts Center sparked a creative renaissance in the city.
The Center provided a central showcase for arts in Anaheim, prompting an interest in the creative arts that the center could not even contain. Soon, large shows had to be held outdoors in scenic Pearson Park.
In the latter part of the decade, the Peppertree Faire was created as a commercial showcase for Anaheim's passion for arts and crafts. The "Tree" was located in the old Harmony Park Ballroom, east of downtown along the railroad tracks, in a building with a rich creative tradition dating back a century.
In 1976, Mito, Japan became Anaheim's Sister City, a program which provided cities of different nations a forum to share ideas and exchange information. Both Mito and Anaheim were comparable in size and population and both were tourist-oriented towns with major theme parks within city limits.
As the decade drew to a close, the opportunities of the next came alive. Construction of a new Civic Center was slated to kick off the building phase of Project Alpha in the downtown. Leo Freedman talked of his idea to build a new performing arts theater next door. Demand for additional space at the Convention Center initiated plans for yet another expansion. The city had lured the Rams to the greener pastures of the stadium. The Angels had reached a milestone, playing in the American League Championship for the first time in 1979. The stadium's seating capacity would soon reach more than 70,000.
The lessons of the 1950s and '60s had been learned and the knowledge gained from this history had driven the mammoth projects of the 1970s and prepare the city for new challenges in the '80s.
Disneyland Celebrates 30 Years
By the mid-1970s, concerns about the City Hall building grew urgent. Two separate engineering firms were commissioned to determine the 50-year old building's safety. The structure's electrical wiring, sufficient in the 1920s when the only office appliances were light bulb and electric fans, could not handle the modern office environment which included air conditioners, computers and complicated office machines. When portions of walls were removed for inspectors, they found frayed wires in many places. The studies noted that it was amazing the building had not burned to the ground.
To complicate matters, the building was also declared seismologically unsafe. A strong temblor could turn the structure to rubble. When the studies were made public, a number of city employees who worked in the building requested transfers to other city departments to avoid the imminent danger.
The studies also helped energize community support and in March, 1978, ground was finally broken on a new seven-story civic center, financed on a-pay-as-you-go basis with redevelopment funds. The new City Hall opened in 1980, signaling the beginning of the rebirth of downtown.
Entering the 1980s, Anaheim had become a major city and tourist destination, its tremendous rate of growth fueled by its many notable successes. The growth, however, continued to present many challenges.
The most apparent was City Hall. Built in 1923 to serve a population of 6,000, the building was now servicing a city of 220,000. Some 2000 people worked for the city and the terrible space constraints had forced city departments to gradually disperse to various locations around the downtown area. Anaheim residents found it increasingly difficult to access city services.
The need for more adequate facilities, recognized as early as 1950, became even more apparent during the period of unbridled growth in the '60s. Bond issues were continuously placed on the ballot, but time after time, each was met with defeat.
Although subsequent improvements and growth in the downtown area would remain elusive for the next several years, the foundation had been laid for a central city renaissance.
The redevelopment agency's persistence finally paid dividends in the late 1980s when ground was broken for a new Pacific Bell facility that would bring nearly 1,000 employees back to downtown, energizing the local economy and spurring redevelopment that would carry into the 1990s.
The decade also saw expansion of the Convention Center in an effort to retain Anaheim's lead as a front-runner in the convention trade show industry.
The most apparent was City Hall. Built in 1923 to serve a population of 6,000, the building was now servicing a city of 220,000. Some 2000 people worked for the city and the terrible space constraints had forced city departments to gradually disperse to various locations around the downtown area. Anaheim residents found it increasingly difficult to access city services.
The need for more adequate facilities, recognized as early as 1950, became even more apparent during the period of unbridled growth in the '60s. Bond issues were continuously placed on the ballot, but time after time, each was met with defeat.
Although subsequent improvements and growth in the downtown area would remain elusive for the next several years, the foundation had been laid for a central city renaissance.
The redevelopment agency's persistence finally paid dividends in the late 1980s when ground was broken for a new Pacific Bell facility that would bring nearly 1,000 employees back to downtown, energizing the local economy and spurring redevelopment that would carry into the 1990s.
The decade also saw expansion of the Convention Center in an effort to retain Anaheim's lead as a front-runner in the convention trade show industry.